Insights into early stage of antibiotic development in small- and medium-sized enterprises: a survey of targets, costs, and durations

Table 3 Proposed minimum and maximum durations per R&D phase for SME antibiotic innovation for DRIVE-AB models

R&D Phase	General Pharmaceutical Innovation Durations	Sertkaya et al. [23]	Proposed Minimum Duration	Proposed Maximum Duration
Lead compound identification	1.5 years [22]	(Used general pharmaceutical duration)	6 months	4 years
Lead compound optimization	2 years [22]	(Used general pharmaceutical duration)	6 months	4 years
Preclinical testing	1 year [22]	(Used general pharmaceutical duration)	1 year	2 years
Phase I clinical trials	33 months [17]	0.9 years	6 months	2 years
Phase II clinical trials	39 months [17]	0.8–1.5 years	1 year	4 years

ISSN: 2052-3211